ADVANTAGES OF WHARTON’S JELLY STEM CELLS ESPECIALLY MESENCYMALS (Designated as WJ-MSC for convenience below) ESPECIALLY WITH RESPECT TO SAFETY
WJ HAS MORE STEM CELLS THAN EITHER BONE MARROW OR ADIPOSE TISSUE
The quantity of mesenchymal stem cells which can typically be obtained from bone marrow is far less than that Wharton’s Jelly: 0.001 to 0.01% mononuclear cells from BM, with 1 g of adipose tissue yielding ~ 5 × 103 stem cells, and Wharton’s jelly 1 to 5 × 104 cells/cm of umbilical cord. In side-by-side comparison studies of MSC from bone marrow adipose tissue and Wharton’s jelly, WJ-MSCs had the highest proliferative capacity.
WJ STEM CELLS ARE MORE PRIMITIVE THAN OTHER ADULT STEM CELL TYPES YET DO NOT PRODUCE TUMORS AND ACTUALLY HAVE ANTI-TUMOR EFFECTS IN VITRO (Lab dish) AND IN VIVO (In living animals & humans)
WJ-MSC differ from other adult MSCs with respect to the fact they demonstrate far more primitive characteristics e.g., they express embryonic-like stem cell markers including pluripotency genes, Oct-4, Nanog, and SOX-2 but at levels well below that of embryonic stem (ESC) cells. Despite this, WJ-MSCs do not form tumors (teratomas). This is attributed to the fact that WJ-MS’s have a lower expression of pluripotency genes than embryonic stem cells (ESCs being very pluripotent and by virtue of this are prone to develop teratomas when injected into animals or humans). When WJ-MSCs were injected in immunocompromised and immunodeficient animals they still failed to form tumors.
Also: WJ-MSCs express low levels of the embryonic stem cell pluripotency markers POUF1, NANOG, SOX2 and LIN28, which also plays a role in the fact they do not produce teratomas. WJ-MSCs also synthesize and express several cytokines including IL12A which is associated with the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) which is believed to underlie their ability to lyse (eradicate) tumor cells.
Furthermore, the transcriptome of WJ-MSC and ESC differs substantially in that WJ-MSCs demonstrate high expression levels of several tumor suppressor genes and suppresses tumors both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, large quantities of tumor growth inhibiting cytokines and growth factors are secreted by WJ-MSCs. Also, WJ-MSC cell lysates as well as the conditioned medium they are cultured in strongly inhibited the growth of breast adenocarcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, osteosarcoma, benign neoplastic keloid cells, bladder tumor, and lymphoma cells in vitro. When WJ-MSC cell lysates and conditioned medium were injected into mammary carcinoma, osteosarcoma, and pancreatic and lung tumors it inhibited their growth and shrank the tumors in vivo .
WJ-MSCs DO NOT CAUSE IMMUNE REJECTION OR ADVERSE REACTIONS
WJ-MSCs have also been found to be immunoprivileged which is to say they escape rejection or adverse immune reactions. Part of the reason for this lies in the fact WJ-MSCs have low MHC-I levels and an absence of MHC-II expression. And, though they synthesize low amounts of MHC class I, WJ-MSCs have no immunogenicity. Research indicates that this is due to the fact they do not express costimulatory molecules such as CD 40, CD80, CD86, and also produce high levels of immune response inhibitors such as indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukocyte antigen G6 (HLA-G6).
NOVA CELLS INSTITUTE HARVESTS & MAKES CLINICAL USE OF STEM CELLS ISOLATED FROM (UMBILICAL CORD) WHARTON’S JELLY CELLS: https://ncimx.wordpress.com/2015/03/15/whartons-jelly-stem-cells/
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES – NIH PubMed results (5-1-2016)
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